控制碘化铅形貌两步连续刮涂法大面积制备甲脒基钙钛矿薄膜

钙钛矿太阳能电池在实现高性能光伏器件方面展现出巨大的商业化应用前景,但面临着一个最主要的挑战是开发工业化规模生产的大面积高质量钙钛矿薄膜制备工艺。在本研究中,为解决大面积印刷难题,通过两步连续刮涂法制备甲脒基钙钛矿吸光层。两步法中第一步沉积的PbI₂很容易形成致密的薄膜,这将导致后续沉积的有机胺盐无法和PbI₂充分完全反应,在钙钛矿薄膜中残留PbI₂,这会严重影响载流子的传输。为了实现理想的多孔PbI₂薄膜结构,我们通过在PbI₂前驱体溶液中引入四亚甲基亚砜(THTO)。通过形成PbI₂·THTO络合物,PbI₂的结晶过程被有效控制,易形成片状的PbI₂晶粒并沿着垂直基底方向上排列,得到了理想的纳米通道。这为后续的有机胺盐渗入提供了理想的纳米通道。最终5 cm × 5 cm模组实现了18.65%的功率转化效率,并具有出色的存储和热稳定性。这一结果展现了两步连续刮涂法策略在制备大面积钙钛矿太阳能电池方面具备一定的优势。     

Improved performance analysis of Gigabit passive optical networks

Gigabit passive optical networks (GPON) provide a capacity boosts in both the total bandwidth and bandwidth efficiency through the use of larger variable-length packets in Passive Optical Networks technology. In this paper, we have described a purely-passive GPON compatible reach extender using distributed Raman amplification and reported the improved investigation through implementation of a square root module by a distance of 60 km at data rate of 2.5 Gbps. An efficient improvement in Q factor is achieved with square root module, which further helps in increasing the length of GPON.     

Topological modules of continuous homomorphisms

In this paper, we consider the notion of module homomorphisms in the general topological module setting and establish their linearity and continuity under some suitable conditions. We also introduce the strict and uniform topologies on the modules of continuous linear homomorphisms and study their various properties.     

Restricted Comtrans Algebras over Small Odd Primes

Comtrans algebras, as analogues of Lie algebras, provide tangent bundle structure corresponding to web geometry in a manifold. In this article, restricted comtrans algebras over rings of small odd prime characteristic are introduced, as analogues of restricted Lie algebras. It is shown that their representations are equivalent to modules over a restricted universal enveloping algebra.     

Coiled fiber membrane chromatography

A new type of particle-loaded membrane adsorber module was prepared by coiling adsorptive fibers. In order to characterize the material and predict the module performance, the protein accessibility and mass flux of single fibers were tested in incubation experiments. The coil's layout spacing and winding tension are useful parameters for tailoring the module for stabilization, polishing, or pharmaceutical applications. Decreasing the distance between two adjacent fibers during the coiling process affects the flow resistance and the dynamic adsorption capacity of the module. Higher flow resistance creates a higher convective flow through the fibers resulting in faster adsorption processes. Exerting a high winding tension causes fiber deformation, resulting in modules with high packing density. The feed flow is then forced through the fibers to a greater extent, thereby reducing the diffusive distance to the active sites located in the interior of the fiber, which results in steeper breakthrough curves and better ligand utilization.     

Joint optimization of product family configuration and scaling design by Stackelberg game

Product family design is generally characterized by two types of approaches: module-based and scale-based. While the former aims to enable product variety based on module configuration, the latter is to variegate product design by scaling up or down certain design parameters. The prevailing practice is to treat module configuration and scaling design as separate decisions or aggregate two design problems as a single-level, all-in-one optimization problem. In practice, optimization of scaling variables is always enacted within a specific modular platform; and meanwhile an optimal module configuration depends on how design parameters are to be scaled. The key challenge is how to deal with explicitly the coupling of these two design optimization problems.